| General Information |
| Command Syntax |
command [option] [source file(s)] [target file] |
| Whatis |
whatis <command> |
whatis grep |
| Manual |
man |
man ls
man -k ls
man -k ls | grep list |
| |
| Directory Structure |
| Basic directory structure of a UNIX or Linux file system |
/ |
Root |
/bin |
Commands that can be accessed by all users |
/boot |
Static boot loader files |
/dev |
Device files |
/etc |
Host-specific configuration files |
/home |
User home directories |
/lib |
Shared libraries and kernel modules |
/mnt |
Mount point for temporary file systems |
/opt |
Add on application software |
/root |
Home directory for root user |
/sbin |
System binaries |
/tmp |
Temporary files |
/usr |
Shareable, read-only |
/var |
Variable data files |
|
| |
| User |
| Change User |
su <user_name> |
su root
su oracle
exit
exit |
| Become root |
su - |
su -
exit |
| Current user account |
whoami |
whoami
su -
whoami
exit
whoami |
| Change password |
passwd |
passwd
-- you will be asked to enter your current password then twice enter the new password, identical in both character and case |
| Change user |
su |
su |
| Change user |
sudo |
sudo |
| Change Group ID |
groupmod -g <NEWGID> <GROUP> |
usermod -u 100 oracle
groupmod -g 101 dba
find / -user 56 -exec chown -h 100 {} \;
find / -group 34 -exec chgrp -h 101 {} \;
usermod -g 101 oracle |
| List groups a user belongs to |
groups <user_name> |
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c etc]# groups ggate
ggate : oinstall |
| Change User ID |
usermod -u <NEWUID> <LOGIN> |
| See Change GROUP ID demo above |
| Change User ID |
id <user_name> |
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c etc]# id ggate
uid=1999(ggate) gid=54321(oinstall) groups=54321(oinstall) |
| Remove a user |
userdel -r <user_name> |
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c etc]# userdel -r ggate |
| Add an existing group to an existing user |
usermod <user_name> -g <group_name> -G <groups_list> |
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c etc]# usermod ggate -g dba -G
oinstall |
| Note: After changing GID or UID be sure that you ... |
| |
| Navigation |
| Present Working Directory |
pwd |
pwd |
| Change Directory: Navigating from root |
cd <directory_name> |
pwd
cd /etc
pwd |
| Change Directory: Navigating down one level |
pwd
cd pam.d
pwd |
| Change Directory ... up one level |
pwd
cd ..
pwd |
| Change To Root Directory |
cd /home/oracle
pwd
cd /
pwd |
| Change To A Directory with a dash in the name |
cd -- -MGMTDB
pwd |
| |
| Navigation Demo |
| Navigation Exercise |
-- navigate to root directory
cd /
-- verify location
pwd
-- navigate to home directory
cd home
pwd
-- make a directory
mkdir morgan
cd morgan
pwd
mkdir dest
mkdir src
ls -l
cd src
pwd
cd ../dest
pwd
cd ..
pwd |
| |
| File Handling |
| Make Directory |
mkdir <directory_name> |
ls -al
mkdir morgan
ls -al |
| Remove Directory |
rmdir <-options> <directory_name> |
ls -al
rmdir morgan
ls -al |
| Remove Directory & Subdirectories |
rm -i <directory_name> |
cd $HOME
pwd
ls -al
mkdir morgan
ls -al
cd morgan
pwd
mkdir subdir
ls -al
cd ..
pwd
rmdir morgan
rm -ir morgan
-- answer "y" (yes) to questions for removal to proceed |
| Create File |
touch <file_name> |
cd $HOME
touch mlib.ora
ls -l |
| Copy |
cp <old_name> <new_name> |
cp mlib.ora copiedfile.ora
ls -l *.ora |
| Recursive Copy (include directories and their contained files) |
cp -ir <old_name> <new_name> |
cd /home/oracle
mkdir arch
cd arch
touch mlib.ora
cd ..
pwd
ls -l
cp -r arch /tmp
cd /tmp
ls -l |
| Secure CoPy |
scp <user_name>@<server_name>:<source_path_and_file_name> <target_path_and_file_name> |
scp oracle@bigdog:/home/oracle/*.gz . |
| Delete (Remove) a file |
rm <file_spec> |
touch delfile
ls -l
rm delfile |
| List |
ls [<-options>] <file_spec> |
ls
ls *ora
ls -l *ora
ls -larn
ls -larnh *ora
ls -lt |
| List Reverse |
ls -r |
ls -latr |
| List Extended Byte Group Names in AIX |
ls ls <file_space> |
ls -lX |
| Move |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch movefile
ls -l
mv movefile /home/movefile
ls -l
cd /home
ls -l |
| Rename |
mv <starting_file> <resulting_file> |
touch rename.txt
ls -l
mv rename.txt rename.log
ls -l |
| Wildcards: Multiple Characters |
* |
touch test1
touch test2
mkdir arch
ls -l
mv test* arch
cd /arch
ls -l
rm t*
ls -l |
| Wildcard: Single Character |
? |
touch test1
touch test2
touch test99
mkdir arch
ls -l
mv test? arch
ls -l
cd /arch
ls -l
rm test?
ls -l |
| Change Owner |
chown <owner_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo
chown oracle chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
| Change Group |
chgrp <group_name> <directory_or_file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo
chgrp dba chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
| Change Mode Triplets |
ROOT - GROUP - USER |
drwxrwxrwx |
| Change Mode |
chmod <code> <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo
chmod 755 chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
CHMOD and UMASK Codes and Results
First bit is '-' if a regular file
First triplet is owner
Second triplet is group owner
Third triplet is others |
| Binary |
Octal |
Permissions |
| 000 |
0 |
--- |
| 001 |
1 |
--x |
| 010 |
2 |
-w- |
| 011 |
3 |
-wx |
| 100 |
4 |
r-- |
| 101 |
5 |
r-x |
| 110 |
6 |
rw- |
| 111 |
7 |
rwx |
|
|
| Code |
UMASK |
File Permissions |
Directory Permissions |
| 111 |
666 |
---------- |
---x--x--x |
| 222 |
555 |
--w--w--w- |
--w--w--w- |
| 333 |
444 |
--w--w--w- |
--wx-wx-wx |
| 444 |
333 |
-r--r--r-- |
-r--r--r-- |
| 555 |
222 |
-r--r--r-- |
-r-xr-xr-x |
| 666 |
111 |
-rw-rw-rw- |
-rw-rw-rw- |
| 777 |
000 |
-rw-rw-rw- |
-rwxrwxrwx |
| 124 |
653 |
-----w-r-- |
---x-w-r-- |
| 644 |
133 |
-rw-r--r-- |
-rw-r--r-- |
| 660 |
017 |
-rw-rw---- |
-rwxrw---- |
| 750 |
027 |
-rw-r----- |
-rwxr-x--- |
| 755 |
022 |
-rw-r--r-- |
-rwxr-xr-x |
|
|
| Setting the setuid bit |
chmod u<+ | ->s <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo
chmod u+s chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
| Setting the setgid bit |
chmod g<+ | ->s <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -la chngdemo
chmod g+s chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
| Setting the setoid bit |
chmod o<+ | ->s <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -la chngdemo
chmod o+s chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
Symbolic changes
u = user
g = group
o = other
a = all |
chmod o<+ | ->x <file_name> |
touch chngdemo
ls -la chngdemo
chmod o+x chngdemo
ls -al chngdemo |
| |
| Environment & Environment Manipulation |
| server uptime |
uptime |
uptime
15:29:26 up 236 days, 14:39, 1 user, load average 0.96, 1.04, 1.09 |
| set the date and time |
date <-options> |
date
date -s "20130703 23:59:00" |
| domain, dnsdomainname and hostname |
domainname
dnsdomainename
hostname |
[opc@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]$ sudo su -
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]# domainname
(none)
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]# dnsdomainname
compute-a430291.oraclecloud.internal
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]# hostname
oem13c2-demo-db18c
[root@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]# |
| rename host server |
Rename a Linux server's name |
su
cd /etc/sysconfig/network
-- change the HOSTNAME entry and reboot |
| List hardware/operating system environment |
uname <-options>
| Switch |
Description |
| a |
all |
| i |
hardware platform |
| m |
machine name |
| n |
network node name |
| o |
operating system |
| p |
processor |
| r |
kernel release |
| s |
kernel name |
| v |
kernel version |
|
uname -a
uname -i
uname -m
uname -o
uname -p
uname -r
uname -s
uname -v |
| View the full environment: All variables |
set |
set
export ORACLE_SID=orabase
echo $ORACLE_SID
set |
| List the environment of the current session: This is a more limited collection than is displayed by "set" |
env |
env
export CURUSER
echo $CURUSER
env |
| Remove an environment variable |
unset <name> |
set
unset CURUSER
set |
| profile |
Set the environment and run the .profile commands |
cd /home/oracle
-- use an editor to add the following to the .bash_profile file
export ZZYZX=$PATH
-- and save the file
more .bash_profile
echo $ZZYZX
source ~/.bash_profile
echo $ZZYZX |
| Command history |
$HISTSIZE = <integer> |
echo $HISTSIZE
!10
!-4
export
$HISTSIZE=100
echo
$HISTSIZE |
| Command prompt |
-- bash
PS1=whoami@hostname\current working directory\time\date
-- korn
PS1='$PWD>' |
| Home environment variable |
$HOME |
cd /
pwd
echo $HOME
cd $HOME
pwd
cd ~ |
| Rebooting |
init <integer>
| Level |
Name |
Description |
| 0 |
Halt |
Executes Shut Down |
| 1 |
Single User |
Administrative Tasks mode |
| 2 |
Multi-User |
Multi user without network interface or services configuration |
| 3 |
Multi-User w/ Network |
Normal system startup |
| 4 |
Not Use / User Definable |
- |
| 5 |
Normal System Start |
Run Level 3 plus display manager |
| 6 |
Reboot |
Reboots the system |
|
# reboot
# reboot -f
# init 0
# init 6 |
| Shutdown |
shutdown -<switch>
| Level |
Description |
| h |
Equivalent to init 0 |
| r |
Equivalent to init 6 |
|
-- shutdown then halt
# shutdown -h
-- reboot after shutdown
# shutdown -r
-- shutdown then power down
# shutdown -P
-- shutdown in 10 minutes
# shutdown +10
-- display the system shutdown entries and run level changes
# last -x | grep -e shutdown -r |
| |
| File Backup & Restore |
| Tape Archive (tar) |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
tar -cvf * beta1RAC.tar |
| Compressed TAR |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
tar -cxvf * beta1RAC.tar.gz |
| UNTAR |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
tar -xvf beta1RAC.tar |
| UNTAR Compressed |
tar <options> <file_spec> <tarball_name> |
tar -zxvf beta1RAC.tar.gz |
| UNJAR A Java File |
jar <options> <file_spec> <jar_name> |
jar -xf patch.jar |
| CPIO |
cpio -ivf <file_name> |
cpio -idv < as_linux_x86_101300_disk1.cpio |
| |
| Cron Commands |
| Switch |
Description |
| -e |
Edit the current crontab using the editor specified by the VISUAL or EDITOR environment variables. After you exit from the editor, the modified crontab will be installed automatically. |
| -l |
List - display the current crontab entries |
| -r |
Remove the current crontab |
|
| Edit your crontab file, or create one if it doesn't already exist |
crontab -e |
crontab -e |
| Display the crontab file's contents |
crontab -l |
crontab -l |
| Remove the crontab file |
crontab -r |
crontab -r |
| Specify the crontab user |
crontab -u <username> |
crontab -u username -l |
| Display the last time the crontab file was edited (not on all systems) |
crontab -v |
crontab -v |
| |
| Applications |
Concatenate (CAT)
An obscure word meaning "to connect in a series" |
cat [options] <file_name>
| Switch |
Description |
| A |
show all |
| b |
number non-blank lines |
| n |
number all lines |
| s |
squeeze blank: never more than one blank line |
|
cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
cat tnsnames.ora
cat -n tnsnames.ora |
| Disk Free Space |
df <switches> |
df
df -k
df -m
df -h (Linux only) |
| Disk Usage |
du <switches>
| Switch |
Description |
| a |
display an entry for each file contained in the current directory |
| c |
display a grand total of the disk usage found by the other arguments |
| d # |
the depth at which summing should occur. -d 0 = and the subdirectory level |
| H |
calculate disk usage for link references specified at the command line |
| k |
show sizes as multiples of 1024 bytes, not 512 bytes |
| L |
calculate disk usage for link references anywhere |
| s |
report only the sum of the usage in the current directory, not for each file |
| x |
only traverse files and directories on the device on which the pathname argument is specified |
|
du -sH
du -sk |
| View environment variable's value |
echo <environment variable> |
echo $ORACLE_SID |
| Find Files |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
find * -name "crontab*" -print |
| Find archive logs older than 3 days and delete them |
find |
find . -name *.arc -type f -ctime +3 -exec rm {} \; |
| Delete files over 14 days old |
find <path> -name "<filemask>" -mtime+<days> -exec rm {}\; |
find $WORKDIR -name "*.dat.*" -mtime + 14 -exec rm {} \; |
| Find and delete trace files more than 7 days old |
find . -name "<file_name>" -print |
find $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID -name "*.trc" -mtime +7 -exec rm -f {} \; |
Global Regular Expression Print (GREP). Prints all lines matching a certain pattern
Submitted to the library by JP Vijaykumar. Thank you. |
grep [-options] pattern [filename] |
-- I have the following files in a directory
[oracle@localhost jp]$ ls -l
total 48
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp1.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp2.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp3.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:56 jp4.dat
-rwxrwxrwx 1 oracle oinstall 258 Aug 10 22:57 jp5.dat
/* I have to include the following message "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" in the third line of each of these files.
The redirection option ">>" can append the line to the end of a file. Let us see how to insert the message in the middle of a file.
I checked whether any of my files contain the message. */
[oracle@localhost jp]$ grep "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" *dat
[oracle@localhost jp]$
/* I created a while loop to implement the task of copying the message in the middle of the files *.dat. */
[oracle@localhost jp]$ cat while_loop.sh
#!/bin/sh -x
#Author JP Vijaykumar Oracle DBA
#Date 08 - 08 - 08
#THIS SCRIPT INSERTS THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE
#IN THE THIRD LINE OF FILES *.DAT
#THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
ls -1 |grep -v while_loop.sh|while read FILE
do
head -2 $FILE >> TEMP
echo "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" >> TEMP
tail -`cat $FILE|wc -l|awk '{print $0 -2}'` $FILE >> TEMP
mv TEMP $FILE
done
exit
-- I executed the script
[oracle@localhost jp]$./while_loop.sh
-- I checked whether any of my files contain this message
[oracle@localhost jp]$ grep "THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY" *dat
jp1.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp2.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp3.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp4.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY
jp5.dat:THIS SCRIPT BELONGS TO ROAD FARMS COMPANY |
| Find a file containing a string |
$ grep "dbms_heat" /app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/rdbms/admin/* |
| Find a file containing a string recursing through subdirectories |
[oracle@oem13c2-demo-db18c admin]$ grep -rn "lbac_exp" *
olse121.sql:98:-- Bug 23634413: Drop sys.lbac_exp package
olse121.sql:99:DROP PACKAGE sys.lbac_exp;
prvtolsdd.plb:159:CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE SYS.lbac_exp wrapped
prvtolsdd.plb:682:CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY SYS.lbac_exp wrapped
prvtolsdd.plb:1053:GRANT EXECUTE ON sys.lbac_exp to PUBLIC; |
| Case insensitive find files containing a string and recurse through subdirectories |
$ grep -ir "genserverinterface" * |
CPU statistics and I/O statistics for devices, partitions, and network file systems
-x displays extended statistics
[INTEGER] repeat call every n seconds |
iostat [-x [INTEGER]] |
iostat |
| Network Statistics |
ip <switches> |
[root@ashoras1n1 etc]# ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond0 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond0 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
4: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond1 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
5: eth3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond1 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
6: eth4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond2 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:ec brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
7: eth5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond2 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:ec brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
8: eth6: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond3 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:f0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
9: eth7: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,SLAVE,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master bond3 qlen 1000
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:f0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
10: sit0: <NOARP> mtu 1480 qdisc noop
link/sit 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
11: bond0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.20.70.11/24 brd 10.20.70.255 scope global bond0
inet 10.20.70.102/24 brd 10.20.70.255 scope global secondary bond0:2
inet 10.20.70.100/24 brd 10.20.70.255 scope global secondary bond0:3
inet 10.20.70.10/24 brd 10.20.70.255 scope global secondary bond0:4
inet6 fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8e4/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
12: bond1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc noqueue
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:e8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.20.72.10/24 brd 10.20.72.255 scope global bond1
inet 169.254.85.254/16 brd 169.254.255.255 scope global bond1:1
inet6 fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8e8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
13: bond2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 9000 qdisc noqueue
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:ec brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.20.254.26/24 brd 10.20.254.255 scope global bond2
inet6 fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8ec/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
14: bond3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,MASTER,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue
link/ether 00:17:a4:77:08:f0 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.24.50.20/24 brd 10.24.50.255 scope global bond3
inet6 fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8f0/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever |
| Processor |
lscpu |
[root@ashoras1n1 etc]# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 8
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-7
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 1
Socket(s): 8
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 79
Model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2680 v4@ 2.40GHz
Stepping: 1 |
| Network Statistics |
netstat <switches> |
[root@ashoras1n1 etc]# netstat -ie
Kernel Interface table
bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
inet addr:10.20.70.11 Bcast:10.20.70.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8e4/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:25185522399 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:24064734199 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:5692092209185 (5.1 TiB) TX bytes:11665923311584 (10.6 TiB)
bond0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
inet addr:10.20.70.102 Bcast:10.20.70.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
bond0:3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
inet addr:10.20.70.100 Bcast:10.20.70.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
bond0:4 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
inet addr:10.20.70.10 Bcast:10.20.70.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
bond1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E8
inet addr:10.20.72.10 Bcast:10.20.72.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8e8/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:17757743639 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:34819528982 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:23877584376409 (21.7 TiB) TX bytes:131628535022044 (119.7 TiB)
bond1:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E8
inet addr:169.254.85.254 Bcast:169.254.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
bond2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:EC
inet addr:10.20.254.26 Bcast:10.20.254.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8ec/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:510108433 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:434422536 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:2389898087115 (2.1 TiB) TX bytes:1188292531965 (1.0 TiB)
bond3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:F0
inet addr:10.24.50.20 Bcast:10.24.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::217:a4ff:fe77:8f0/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:8978409739 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:31196932293 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:575413126190 (535.8 GiB) TX bytes:47225801721209 (42.9 TiB)
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:25185305255 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:24064734199 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:5692065225406 (5.1 TiB) TX bytes:11665923311584 (10.6 TiB)
Interrupt:114 Memory:fb000000-fb7fffff
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E4
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:217144 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:26983779 (25.7 MiB) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:122 Memory:fa000000-fa7fffff
eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E8
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:17757743529 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:34819528982 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:23877584354285 (21.7 TiB) TX bytes:131628535022044 (119.7 TiB)
Interrupt:122 Memory:f9000000-f97fffff
eth3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:E8
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:110 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:22124 (21.6 KiB) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:130 Memory:f8000000-f87fffff
eth4 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:EC
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:508744710 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:434422536 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:2389794038847 (2.1 TiB) TX bytes:1188292531965 (1.0 TiB)
Interrupt:130 Memory:f7000000-f77fffff
eth5 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:EC
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:9000 Metric:1
RX packets:1363723 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:104048268 (99.2 MiB) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:138 Memory:f6000000-f67fffff
eth6 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:F0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:8978065947 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:31196932293 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:575376058697 (535.8 GiB) TX bytes:47225801721209 (42.9 TiB)
Interrupt:138 Memory:f5000000-f57fffff
eth7 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:17:A4:77:08:F0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:343792 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:37067493 (35.3 MiB) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
Interrupt:114 Memory:f4000000-f47fffff
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8178619158 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8178619158 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:7509666295015 (6.8 TiB) TX bytes:7509666295015 (6.8 TiB) |
| Ethernet Tool |
ethtool <eth#> |
# ethtool eth2 |
| TCP/IP packet analyzer examines packets being transmitted or received |
tcpdump -i <eth#> |
# tcpdump -i eth2 |
| More |
more <file_name> |
cd /etc
more protocols |
| Processor related statistics |
mpstat -P ALL 12 5
-P is either calling out a specific processor or as in this example "all". The above is 12 second intervals and 5 reports in total |
mpstat -P ALL 12 5 |
| Display the Number of CPU cores |
nproc |
[root@uw-orcl-4 ~] nproc
24 |
| Processes |
ps <options> grep <filter> |
ps -ef
ps -ef | grep ora |
| System Activity Statistics (Paging) |
sar <options> |
sar -B |
Tee
Splits the output of another command, sending it to a file and to the terminal. |
tee <file_name> |
cd $HOME
ls -larn
ls -larn | tee zzyzx
ls -larn
more zzyzx |
Hard Link
A direct reference to an existing file |
ln <path_and_name_to_source_file> <path_and_link_name> |
ln sqlnet.ora protocol.ora |
Soft (aka) Symbolic Link
Creates a pointer to a file that can cross file system boundaries |
ln -s <path_and_name_to_source_file> <path_and_link_name> |
ln -s /u01/app/oracle/21.1.0/db_home1/sqlnet.ora sqlnet.ora |
| Top CPU processes |
top |
[root@db18c ~]# top
top - 00:52:58 up 75 days, 1:44, 1 user, load average: 0.10, 0.13, 0.14
Tasks: 302 total, 1 running, 301 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.3%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.2%id, 0.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.1%st
Mem: 15398260k total, 14775880k used, 622380k free, 744816k buffers
Swap: 4194300k total, 975428k used, 3218872k free, 3521088k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
20063 oraclet -2 0 2329m 53m 52m S 1.3 0.4 1969:11 ora_vktm_orclt
4620 root 20 0 3646m 305m 15m S 1.0 2.0 444:30.69 java
1989 root 20 0 15212 2236 1756 R 0.7 0.0 0:00.09 top
20095 oraclet 20 0 2330m 68m 65m S 0.7 0.5 611:43.47 ora_lgwr_orclt
596 oraclet 20 0 2358m 176m 163m S 0.3 1.2 20:49.78 ora_m006_orclt
2815 oraclet 20 0 2343m 57m 54m S 0.3 0.4 31:17.37 ora_w003_orclt
3386 oracle 20 0 5875m 58m 56m S 0.3 0.4 35:41.80 ora_scmn_orcl
3394 oracle 20 0 5773m 78m 74m S 0.3 0.5 140:07.03 ora_dbrm_orcl
3396 oracle 20 0 5756m 55m 55m S 0.3 0.4 90:29.03 ora_vkrm_orcl
10334 oraclet 20 0 2344m 77m 73m S 0.3 0.5 31:15.91 ora_w000_orclt
20085 oraclet 20 0 2329m 60m 58m S 0.3 0.4 246:04.56 ora_vkrm_orclt
20121 oraclet 20 0 2330m 89m 86m S 0.3 0.6 61:21.48 ora_mmnl_orclt
22077 oraclet 20 0 2343m 66m 63m S 0.3 0.4 32:08.95 ora_j004_orclt
32764 oracle 20 0 5817m 167m 124m S 0.3 1.1 5:49.43 ora_m002_orcl
1 root 20 0 19408 2200 1972 S 0.0 0.0 1:55.76 init
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.20 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 2:49.40 ksoftirqd/0
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H
7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 80:59.71 rcu_sched
8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh
9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 46:38.57 rcuos/0
10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob/0
11 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:14.91 migration/0
12 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:27.57 watchdog/0
13 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:25.52 watchdog/1
14 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:14.92 migration/1
15 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 2:58.45 ksoftirqd/1
17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H
18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 14:55.57 rcuos/1
19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcuob/1
20 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:36.06 watchdog/2
21 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:15.26 migration/2
22 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:32.35 ksoftirqd/2
q |
| Top Swapping ordered by swap usage |
top |
top
-- let to start ... then
Op<enter> |
Free memory information
The m option display values in MB
Total = Total memory on system
Used = Used by Linux |
free -m |
opc@oem13c2-demo-db18c ~]$ free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 7477 6811 666 1 199 2497
-/+ buffers/cache: 4113 3364
Swap: 4095 724 3371
[root@db18c ~]# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem : 15037 14412 625 1777 727 3435
-/+ buffers/cache: 10249 4787
Swap: 4095 952 3143 |
| Virtual Memory Statistics |
[root@db18c ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
1 0 975432 549324 744504 3518444 0 0 22 612 0 1 3 1 93 3 0 |
[root@db18c ~]# vmstat -s
15398260 total memory
14759356 used memory
5301472 active memory
1836220 inactive memory
638904 free memory
744816 buffer memory
3520844 swap cache
4194300 total swap
975428 used swap
3218872 free swap
75982150 non-nice user cpu ticks
1888 nice user cpu ticks
28240260 system cpu ticks
2358115135 idle cpu ticks
70056230 IO-wait cpu ticks
5016 IRQ cpu ticks
44720 softirq cpu ticks
1874270 stolen cpu ticks
559370116 pages paged in
15509984430 pages paged out
4640 pages swapped in
246914 pages swapped out
3274717629 interrupts
2044589083 CPU context switches
1529017730 boot time
32519633 forks |
| Swapping |
meminfo |
[root@db18c ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 15398260 kB
MemFree: 639436 kB
MemAvailable: 4086184 kB
Buffers: 744812 kB
Cached: 3520484 kB
SwapCached: 238004 kB
Active: 5300968 kB
Inactive: 1836356 kB
Active(anon): 3526820 kB
Inactive(anon): 1175688 kB
Active(file): 1774148 kB
Inactive(file): 660668 kB
Unevictable: 0 kB
Mlocked: 0 kB
SwapTotal: 4194300 kB
SwapFree: 3218872 kB
Dirty: 324 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 2647644 kB
Mapped: 1862928 kB
Shmem: 1819892 kB
Slab: 1309324 kB
SReclaimable: 1265348 kB
SUnreclaim: 43976 kB
KernelStack: 6240 kB
PageTables: 184540 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 8907444 kB
Committed_AS: 7110872 kB
VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed: 34132 kB
VmallocChunk: 34359698980 kB
HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 1576960 kB
CmaTotal: 16384 kB
CmaFree: 0 kB
HugePages_Total: 2916
HugePages_Free: 269
HugePages_Rsvd: 2
HugePages_Surp: 0
Hugepagesize: 2048 kB
DirectMap4k: 96256 kB
DirectMap2M: 15632384 kB |
dumping a computer’s DMI (SMBIOS) contents in a human-readable format.
The output provides a description of the system’s hardware components, plus additional information such as serial numbers and BIOS revision. The information is not guarnateed reliable
16 = physical memory array
17 = memory device |
dmidecode <shell command name> |
[root@db18c ~]# sudo dmidecode -t 16
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.4 present.
Handle 0x1000, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: Other
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC
Maximum Capacity: 15 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 1
[root@db18c ~]# sudo dmidecode -t 17
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.4 present.
Handle 0x1100, DMI type 17, 21 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x1000
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 15360 MB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM 0
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: RAM
Type Detail: None |
| View the full path of shell commands |
which <shell command name> |
which grep
which id
which which |
| Subnet Masks |
CIDR
| CIDR |
Subnet Mask |
Total IPs |
Usable IPs |
| 32 |
255.255.255.255 |
1 |
1 |
| 31 |
255.255.255.254 |
2 |
0 |
| 30 |
255.255.255.252 |
4 |
2 |
| 29 |
255.255.255.248 |
8 |
6 |
| 28 |
255.255.255.240 |
16 |
14 |
| 27 |
255.255.255.224 |
32 |
30 |
| 26 |
255.255.255.192 |
64 |
62 |
| 25 |
255.255.255.128 |
128 |
126 |
| 24 |
255.255.255.0 |
256 |
254 |
| 23 |
255.255.254.0 |
512 |
510 |
| 22 |
255.255.252.0 |
1024 |
1022 |
| 21 |
255.255.248.0 |
2048 |
2046 |
| 20 |
255.255.240.0 |
4096 |
4094 |
| 19 |
255.255.224.0 |
8192 |
8190 |
| 18 |
255.255.192.0 |
16384 |
16382 |
| 17 |
255.255.128.0 |
32768 |
32766 |
| 16 |
255.255.0.0 |
65536 |
65534 |
| 15 |
255.254.0.0 |
131072 |
131070 |
| 14 |
255.252.0.0 |
262144 |
262142 |
| 13 |
255.248.0.0 |
524288 |
524286 |
| 12 |
255.240.0.0 |
1048576 |
1048574 |
| 11 |
255.224.0.0 |
2097152 |
2097150 |
| 10 |
255.192.0.0 |
4194304 |
4194302 |
| 9 |
255.128.0.0 |
8388608 |
8388606 |
| 8 |
255.0.0.0 |
16777216 |
16777214 |
| 7 |
254.0.0.0 |
33554432 |
33554430 |
| 6 |
252.0.0.0 |
67108864 |
67108862 |
| 5 |
248.0.0.0 |
134217728 |
134217726 |
| 4 |
240.0.0.0 |
268435456 |
268435454 |
| 3 |
224.0.0.0 |
536870912 |
536870910 |
| 2 |
192.0.0.0 |
1073741824 |
1073741822 |
| 1 |
128.0.0.0 |
2147483648 |
2147483646 |
| 0 |
0.0.0.0 |
4294967296 |
4294967294 |
|
| |
| System Management |
| Network Configuration |
ifconfig <options> |
ifconfig |
| Wireless Configuration |
iwconfig <options> |
iwconfig wifi0 power off |
| Shared Library Dependencies |
ldd <program_name> |
ldd ??? |
| Display Loaded Kernel Modules |
lsmod |
lsmod |
| Display Open Files |
lsof |
lsof |
| Display Formatted Process Tree |
pstree <options> |
pstree -ca |
| |
| User Management |
| Change Password and Expiration Information |
chage |
chage ??? |
| Force Password Change At Next Logon |
chage |
chage -d0 |
| Create Group |
groupadd <switch> <group_number> <group_name> |
groupadd -g 500 oinstall |
| Group Delete |
groupdel <switch> <group_number> <group_name> |
groupdel osdba |
| Display All Resource Limits for the Current User |
ulimit <switches> |
ulimit -a |
| Display data about one or more users |
finger <switches> users |
finger -l oracle |
| Remap key |
stty <keyword> <key> |
stty ERASE <backspace_key>
-- displays stty ERASE ^? |
| |
| vi Editor |
| create a new file or open a file for editing |
vi |
vi initSID.ora |
| quit without saving |
:q! |
:q! |
| save and quit |
:wq |
:wq |
| insert |
Esc i |
i |
| append |
Esc A |
A |
| open a new line |
Esc o |
o |
| replace a single character |
Esc r |
r |
| replace a multiple characters |
Esc R |
R |
| delete a single character |
Esc x |
x |
| delete line |
Esc dd |
dd |
| delete word |
Esc dw |
dw |
| yank and put (copy and paste) text |
| Y |
Yank the current line of text |
| yy |
Yank the current line of text |
| yw |
Yank word |
| y$ |
Yank to end of line |
| #Y |
Yank multiple "#" lines |
| yG |
Yank to end of file |
| p |
Put after position |
| P |
Put after line |
|
| undo |
Esc u |
u |
| |
| SQL*Plus Shell Script Demo |
| bash demo |
-- log onto Linux as the user oracle
-- verify the UNIX user
[oracle@gamma2 home]$ whoami
oracle
-- log into Oracle as scott/tiger
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:18:37 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
-- create a test table
SCOTT@orcl > create table test (
2 testcol VARCHAR2(30));
Table created.
-- exit SQL*Plus
SCOTT@orcl >exit;
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 Production With the Partitioning Option, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
-- verify location is Oracle's home directory
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ pwd
/home/oracle
-- create a file named "morgan"
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ touch morgan
-- look at the file's permissions
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- make it executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ chmod 755 morgan
-- verify it is executable
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al morgan
-rwxr-xr-x 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 15:56 morgan
-- open the file using vi
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
-- insert the following w/o quotes: "touch swartz"
-- verify the file's contents
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
touch swartz
-- execute it
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
-- verify the swartz file was created
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ls -al swartz
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 0 Nov 20 16:04 swartz
-- delete the "swartz" file
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ rm swartz
-- open morgan with vi, remove the TOUCH command and put in what you see after "more morgan" below
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ vi morgan
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ more morgan
sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl <<EOF
INSERT INTO test (testcol) VALUES ('Swartz');
COMMIT;
EXIT
EOF
-- execute it ... everything else is what scrolls on screen
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ ./morgan
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production on Mon Nov 20 17:20:16 2006
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
SCOTT@orcl >
1 row created.
SCOTT@orcl >
Commit complete.
SCOTT@orcl > exit;
Disconnected from Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, Real Application Clusters, OLAP and Data Mining options
[oracle@gamma2 ~]$ |
| |
| Rescue |
| In the event of failure boot from the Linux CD or DVD |
boot: linux rescue
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# cd /boot/grub
-- use vi to edit/configure files |
| |
| Example Configuration Files |
| Export Display |
export DISPLAY=localhost:0:0
echo $DISPLAY |
| .bash_profile |
alias ob='cd $ORACLE_BASE'
alias oh='cd $ORACLE_HOME'
alias cm='cd $ORACLE_HOME/oracm/log'
alias sql='sqlplus "/ as sysdba"' |
| hosts.equiv |
| # Comment/Uncomment those entries for your cluster below. |
| |
| alpha1 |
oracle |
| alpha2 |
oracle |
| #beta1 |
oracle |
| #beta2 |
oracle |
| #gamma1 |
oracle |
| #gamma2 |
oracle |
| delta1 |
oracle |
| delta2 |
oracle |
| |
| alpha-node1 |
oracle |
| alpha-node2 |
oracle |
| #beta-node1 |
oracle |
| #beta-node2 |
oracle |
| #gamma-node1 |
oracle |
| #gamma-node2 |
oracle |
| #delta-node1 |
oracle |
| #delta-node2 |
oracle |
| |
| # DO NOT Comment out this entry! |
| topdog |
oracle |
|